User-facing services, platforms, applications, and protocols:
the dynamic, modern websites and apps you see every day
Back-end support services, cloud services, web hosting, and other
behind-the-scenes applications that underlie user-facing services
APPLICATION
Protocols and special services that package and transmit data
between services, including content delivery networks
TRANSPORT
Protocols that address and map the path of data through
the network, delivering data across the internet
INTERNET
Protocols that format data for transmission across the
mostly physical wiring of the internet
NETWORK ACCESS
Visualizing the internet stack
Descriptions of internet layers from a user perspective
Source: For a wonderful introduction to layers of the internet and its mapping to the original Open Systems Interconnection model, the authors recommend ARTICLE 19, How the Internet Really Works: An Illustrated Guide to Protocols, Privacy, Censorship and Governance (San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2021), pp. 76–77, available at https://nostarch.com/how-internet-really-works#content.